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D. Juan Rafael Mora

 

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  Padre de la Patria

  (1814-1860)

 

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Primogénito de Camilo Mora Alvarado y Ana Benita Porras Ulloa, nació súbdito español el 8 de febrero de 1814 en la ciudad de San José, Costa Rica, dentro de una familia dedicada al servicio público. Su primo segundo Juan Mora Fernández fue el primer jefe de Estado de Costa Rica durante nueve años; también fueron presidentes en lapsos breves su primo segundo Joaquín Mora Fernández y su hermano Miguel Mora Porras. Aprendió las primeras letras y números en la Casa de Enseñanza de Santo Tomás, aunque, en rigor, su formación fue autodidacta. Contaba 14 años de edad cuando sobrevino la independencia de España que lo cambió todo, luego de tres siglos de coloniaje. Desde la adolescencia se dedicó al comercio, la correduría de bienes raíces y otros negocios para los cuales fue emancipado por su padre. Era conocido como Don Juanito por el afecto y la llaneza en sus relaciones empresariales y humanas. A la muerte de sus progenitores, asumió la patria potestad de sus nueve hermanos y al fallecer una hermana suya hizo lo mismo con tres sobrinos; permaneció soltero mientras sus consanguíneos no se casaron. Contrajo nupcias a los 33 años con Inés Aguilar Cueto, hija del exjefe de Estado Manuel Aguilar Chacón, matrimonio que procreó cuatro niñas y tres varones.

Realizó numerosos viajes de negocios en barcos de vela por Europa, Norteamérica, Centroamérica, el Caribe y Sudamérica, en los cuales estableció relaciones de amistad con personas de

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influencia, experimentó las innovaciones de la Revolución Industrial, aprendió sobre crédito y banca, leyó a pensadores como Andrés Bello y Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, estudio a Simón Bolívar y George Washington, asimiló ideas liberales sobre la organización de la sociedad, en fin, esos recorridos completaron su educación en «la universidad de la vida». Prosperó con el cultivo, el beneficio y la exportación de café, como naviero y en la minería del oro hasta convertirse en uno de los hombres más ricos y prestigiosos del país. 

Sus atributos de líder empresarial lo llevaron casi naturalmente al servicio público. Electo alcalde primero de San José a los 23 años, pronto fue llamado al servicio de las armas del Estado. Electo diputado, fue vicepresidente de la Asamblea Constituyente que produjo la ley fundamental de 1844. Nuevamente fue electo diputado a la Asamblea Constituyente que dio la constitución de 1847. Ese mismo año fue electo vicepresidente del Estado, cargo en el que destacó por su energía en el control de una rebelión militar y su visión globalizante en la crisis económica de 1848. Tras 18 meses de separación del mando y atención de sus negocios de comercio internacional, retornó a la función pública como vicepresidente del Gobierno. Tenía 35 años de edad al ser electo presidente de la República y juramentarse el 30 de diciembre de 1849; fue reelecto por seis años en 1853 y nuevamente en 1859. Un golpe de cuartel lo derrocó el 14 de agosto de 1859.

Condujo el proceso que engendró la Revolución de Costa Rica, década en el cual las antiguas ideas coloniales fueron sustituidas por la moderna ideología de orden y progreso. Fundó y fortaleció el andamiaje institucional que sustenta la república, decretada poco antes de su mandato. Impulsó el cultivo del cafeto, el comercio y la inmigración europea, ordenó la construcción de caminos y puentes, favoreció la incipiente industria, renovó el marco legal para el desarrollo, abrió el primer banco y ordenó el fisco. Reglamentó la salud pública, fundó una escuela de medicina, el protomedicato y la sociedad médica, construyó el hospital San Juan de Dios y el hospital de Puntarenas. Fijó el precio de los productos de primera necesidad, distribuyó tierras labrantías a los pobres e introdujo el mutualismo por medio de las cajas de ahorro popular. Declaró obligatoria la educación «en todas las clases de la sociedad», a la manera de la ley de educación elemental en Suecia, y estableció fondos para la instrucción pública porque «el deber más imperioso del soberano es proveer a la educación de la juventud». Tantos cambios en tan poco tiempo hicieron del respetado empresario un estadista controvertido y combatido en una nación que dejaba atrás la mentalidad colonial para entrar en la modernidad republicana y capitalista de la época.

A la mitad de la década morista, la joven república fue víctima de una invasión militar impelida por el expansionismo esclavista de la Unión Americana. La falange filibustera se apoderó de Nicaragua, su cabecilla William Walker se hizo elegir presidente constitucional y el único gobierno que lo legitimó por el reconocimiento diplomático fue el de los Estados Unidos. El Presidente Mora había dedicado una porción de la riqueza generada por el comercio del café a levantar el mejor ejército de Centroamérica con el objeto de defender la integridad territorial ante posibles invasiones armadas. El Congreso Constitucional lo autorizó el 28 de febrero de 1856 a declarar la guerra a los filibusteros, él dirigió en persona el Ejército Expedicionario y el pueblo se unió patrióticamente en torno a su comandante. La Guerra Patria tuvo cuatro propósitos: el nacional por la defensa de la soberanía, el regional por la liberación de Nicaragua, el continental por la libertad hispanoamericana y el universal por la lucha contra la esclavitud. Tres de las principales batallas se ganaron dentro del territorio costarricense: Santa Rosa el 20 de marzo, Sardinal el 10 de abril y La Trinidad el 22 de diciembre. Tras el triunfo de Rivas el 11 de abril, estalló un brote de cólera asiático que contagió a la mitad de la población de 120 000 habitantes y mató a casi 10 000 personas. Con los ejércitos aliados de Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador, Costa Rica alcanzó la victoria el 1.º de mayo de 1857, fecha en que Walker fue expectorado de Centroamérica. Si en 1821 se obtuvo la emancipación del imperio colonial español, en 1856 se conquistó a fuego y sangre la Segunda Independencia Nacional. 

Además de su liderato político, el Presidente Mora adquirió condiciones de caudillo militar. Los adversarios que contrariaban sus políticas progresistas se conjuraron el día que abrió las puertas el Banco Nacional de Costa Rica. Al precio de 20 000 dólares alquilaron la lealtad de unos jefes militares que lo apresaron para desterrarlo. El régimen de facto inició entonces una campaña de propaganda destinada a destruir su buen nombre de empresario, estadista y militar. Al frente de una rebelión fallida desembarcó en Puntarenas; vencido, a los pocos días se rindió bajo falsas promesas y fue muerto el 30 de setiembre de 1860. El asesinato de su carácter se prolongó por siglo y medio. Sin embargo, la Asamblea Legislativa reconoció en 2010 que «por equívocos circunstanciales fue derrocado en 1859 con el rompimiento inaceptable del orden constitucional y en 1860 fue fusilado en un crimen de Estado, que aún nos avergüenza, motivado por choques de intereses materiales y personales ajenos al bien común de la patria. Al cumplirse 150 años de su muerte, nosotros, los representantes de la nación, decidimos enmendar ambos errores que menoscaban la dignidad de la república». El Poder Legislativo lo proclamó Libertador y Héroe Nacional.

Costa Rica, que celebró en 2014 el bicentenario del natalicio del Padre de la Patria, asienta su idea de nación en el pensamiento y la trayectoria de Don Juan Rafael Mora.

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D. Manuel Aguilar Chacón

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D. Miguel Mora Porras

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Da. Inés Aguilar Cueto

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D. Juan Mora Fernández

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Short Biography

Mora, Juan Rafael (1814 – 1860), the Father of the Nation. First-born of Camilo Mora-Alvarado and Ana-Benita Porras-Ulloa was born a Spanish subject on February 8, 1814 at the city of San José, within a family dedicated to public service. His second cousin Juan Mora-Fernández was Costa Rica’s first Head of State for nine years; his brother Miguel Mora-Porras and his second cousin, Joaquín Mora-Fernandez, were also presidents during brief periods. He learned the first letters and numbers in the House of Teaching of St. Thomas, although, strictly speaking, his formation was self-taught.

Was only 14 years old when independence from Spain came and changed it all after three centuries of colonization. Since he was a teenager, he had been involved in commerce, real estate brokerage and other businesses for which he was emancipated by his father. He was known as Don Juanito for his affection by the people and clarity in business and personal relationships. At the death of his parents, he assumed the guardianship of his nine siblings and when one of his sisters passed away, did the same with his three nephews; He remained single while his relatives didn’t get married. Married at the age of 33 with Inés Aguilar-Cueto, daughter of former President Manuel Aguilar-Chacón, marriage that procreated four girls and three boys.

He made numerous business trips on sailing ships to Europe, North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America, during which he established relationships of friendship with people of influence, experienced the innovations of the Industrial Revolution, learned about credit and banking, read about thinkers like Andres Bello and Domingo-Faustino Sarmiento, studied Simón Bolívar and George Washington, assimilated liberal ideas about the organization of society, in short, this way he completed his education at “the university of life”. He prospered with the farming, processing and export of coffee, as a shipowner and in the mining of gold until becoming one of the richest and most prestigious men in the country.

His attributes as a business leader took him almost naturally to public service. Elected the First Mayor of San Jose at 23, he was soon called to the military service of the State. Elected deputy, he was Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly that adopted the constitution of 1844. The same year he was elected Vice-President of the State, position in which he stood out for his energy in the control of a military rebellion and his globalizing vision during the economic crisis of 1848. After 18 months of having left this position and dedication to his business of international trade, returned to public service as Vice President of the Republic.

He was 35 when elected President of the Republic and took the oath on December 30, 1849; he was re-elected for six more years in 1853 and again in 1859. A blow from a barracks insurrection overthrew him on August 14, 1859.

He led the process that engendered the Revolution of Costa Rica, a decade in which the old colonial ideas were replaced by modern ideology of order and progress. He founded and strengthened the institutional scaffolding that sustains the republic, decreed shortly before his first term of office. He promoted the cultivation of coffee, European commerce and ordered the construction of roads and bridges, favored the incipient industry, renewed the legal framework for development, opened the first bank and ordered the public finances. He regulated public health, founded a school of medicine and the medical society, built the San Juan de Dios hospital and the hospital of Puntarenas. Fixed the price of basic necessities, distributed farmland to the poor and introduced mutuality through popular savings banks. Declared mandatory education for “all classes of society,%22 in the manner of the law of education in Sweden, and established funds for the public instruction because “the most imperative duty of the Sovereign is to provide the youth with education”. So many changes in such little time made of the respected businessman a controversial and opposed statestman in a nation that was leaving behind the colonial mentality to enter republican and capitalist modernity of the time.

Halfway through the Morista decade, the young republic was the victim of a military invasion impelled by the slavery expansionism of the United States. The filibuster phalanx seized Nicaragua, its ringleader William Walker had himself elected constitutional president. The only government that legitimized him by diplomatic recognition was the United States. President Mora dedicated a portion of the wealth generated by the coffee trade to raise the best army in Central America with the objective of defending territorial integrity in the face of possible armed invasions. The Constitutional Congress authorized him on 28 February 1856 to declare war against the filibusters, he personally led the Expeditionary Army and the people united patriotically around their commander. The Central American Patriotic War had four objectives: the national one for the defense of sovereignty, the regional for the liberation of Nicaragua, the continental for the Latin American freedom and the universal for the fight against slavery. Three of the major battles were won within the territory of Costa Rica: Santa Rosa on March 20th, Sardinal April 10th. and La Trinidad on December 22nd. After the triumph of Rivas on April 11th, an outbreak of Asian cholera broke out and infected half of the population of Costa Rica of 120,000 inhabitants and killed almost 10,000 people. With the allied armies of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, Costa Rica reached victory on May 1st. 1857, on which day, Walker was expelled from Central America. If, in 1821 emancipation of the Spanish colonial empire was achieved, in 1856 the Second National Independence was conquered by fire and blood.

In addition to his political leadership, President Mora acquired the characteristic of a Military Leader. Opponents who disagreed with his progressive policies conspired against him the day that the doors of the National Bank of Costa Rica opened. At the price of 20,000 dollars they rented the allegiance of some military chiefs who imprisoned him to be banish. The de facto regime then began a propaganda campaign aimed at destroying his good name as a businessman, statesman and soldier. At the urging of his supporters, he landed at Puntarenas; defeated within a few days, he surrendered under false promises and was assassinated on September 30th, 1860. The murder of his character lasted for a century and a half. However, the Legislative Assembly recognized in 2010 that “because of circumstantial misunderstandings he was overthrown in 1859 with of the unacceptable breakdown of the constitutional order and in 1860 he was shot in a state crime, that is still embarrassing us, caused by the collision of material and personal interests alien to the common good of the nation. On the 150th anniversary of his death, we, the nation’s representatives, decided to make amends with both mistakes that undermine the dignity of the republic”. The Legislative Power proclaimed him Liberator and National Hero.

Costa Rica, which celebrated in 2014 the bicentennial of the birth of the Father of the Nation, bases its national identity on the thought and trajectory of Don Juan Rafael Mora.

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Short Biography

Mora, Juan Rafael (1814 – 1860), the Father of the Nation. First-born of Camilo Mora-Alvarado and Ana-Benita Porras-Ulloa was born a Spanish subject on February 8, 1814 at the city of San José, within a family dedicated to public service. His second cousin Juan Mora-Fernández was Costa Rica’s first Head of State for nine years; his brother Miguel Mora-Porras and his second cousin, Joaquín Mora-Fernandez, were also presidents during brief periods. He learned the first letters and numbers in the House of Teaching of St. Thomas, although, strictly speaking, his formation was self-taught.

Was only 14 years old when independence from Spain came and changed it all after three centuries of colonization. Since he was a teenager, he had been involved in commerce, real estate brokerage and other businesses for which he was emancipated by his father. He was known as Don Juanito for his affection by the people and clarity in business and personal relationships. At the death of his parents, he assumed the guardianship of his nine siblings and when one of his sisters passed away, did the same with his three nephews; He remained single while his relatives didn’t get married. Married at the age of 33 with Inés Aguilar-Cueto, daughter of former President Manuel Aguilar-Chacón, marriage that procreated four girls and three boys. 

He made numerous business trips on sailing ships to Europe, North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America, during which he established relationships of friendship with people of influence, experienced the innovations of the Industrial Revolution, learned about credit and banking, read about thinkers like Andres Bello and Domingo-Faustino Sarmiento, studied Simón Bolívar and George Washington, assimilated liberal ideas about the organization of society, in short, this way he completed his education at “the university of life”. He prospered with the farming, processing and export of coffee, as a shipowner and in the mining of gold until becoming one of the richest and most prestigious men in the country.

His attributes as a business leader took him almost naturally to public service. Elected the First Mayor of San Jose at 23, he was soon called to the military service of the State. Elected deputy, he was Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly that adopted the constitution of 1844. The same year he was elected Vice-President of the State, position in which he stood out for his energy in the control of a military rebellion and his globalizing vision during the economic crisis of 1848. After 18 months of having left this position and dedication to his business of international trade, returned to public service as Vice President of the Republic. 

He was 35 when elected President of the Republic and took the oath on December 30, 1849; he was re-elected for six more years in 1853 and again in 1859. A blow from a barracks insurrection overthrew him on August 14, 1859.

He led the process that engendered the Revolution of Costa Rica, a decade in which the old colonial ideas were replaced by modern ideology of order and progress. He founded and strengthened the institutional scaffolding that sustains the republic, decreed shortly before his first term of office. He promoted the cultivation of coffee, European commerce and ordered the construction of roads and bridges, favored the incipient industry, renewed the legal framework for development, opened the first bank and ordered the public finances. He regulated public health, founded a school of medicine and the medical society, built the San Juan de Dios hospital and the hospital of Puntarenas. Fixed the price of basic necessities, distributed farmland to the poor and introduced mutuality through popular savings banks. Declared mandatory education for “all classes of society,” in the manner of the law of education in Sweden, and established funds for the public instruction because “the most imperative duty of the Sovereign is to provide the youth with education”. So many changes in such little time made of the respected businessman a controversial and opposed statestman in a nation that was leaving behind the colonial mentality to enter republican and capitalist modernity of the time.

Halfway through the Morista decade, the young republic was the victim of a military invasion impelled by the slavery expansionism of the United States. The filibuster phalanx seized Nicaragua, its ringleader William Walker had himself elected constitutional president. The only government that legitimized him by diplomatic recognition was the United States. President Mora dedicated a portion of the wealth generated by the coffee trade to raise the best army in Central America with the objective of defending territorial integrity in the face of possible armed invasions. The Constitutional Congress authorized him on 28 February 1856 to declare war against the filibusters, he personally led the Expeditionary Army and the people united patriotically around their commander. The Central American Patriotic War had four objectives: the national one for the defense of sovereignty, the regional for the liberation of Nicaragua, the continental for the Latin American freedom and the universal for the fight against slavery. Three of the major battles were won within the territory of Costa Rica: Santa Rosa on March 20th, Sardinal April 10th. and La Trinidad on December 22nd. After the triumph of Rivas on April 11th, an outbreak of Asian cholera broke out and infected half of the population of Costa Rica of 120,000 inhabitants and killed almost 10,000 people. With the allied armies of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, Costa Rica reached victory on May 1st. 1857, on which day, Walker was expelled from Central America. If, in 1821 emancipation of the Spanish colonial empire was achieved, in 1856 the Second National Independence was conquered by fire and blood. 

 In addition to his political leadership, President Mora acquired the characteristic of a Military Leader. Opponents who disagreed with his progressive policies conspired against him the day that the doors of the National Bank of Costa Rica opened. At the price of 20,000 dollars they rented the allegiance of some military chiefs who imprisoned him to be banish. The de facto regime then began a propaganda campaign aimed at destroying his good name as a businessman, statesman and soldier. At the urging of his supporters, he landed at Puntarenas; defeated within a few days, he surrendered under false promises and was assassinated on September 30th, 1860. The murder of his character lasted for a century and a half.  However, the Legislative Assembly recognized in 2010 that “because of circumstantial misunderstandings he  was overthrown in 1859 with of the unacceptable breakdown of the constitutional order and in 1860 he was shot in a state crime, that is still embarrassing us, caused by the collision of material and personal interests alien to the common good of the nation. On the 150th anniversary of his death, we, the nation’s representatives, decided to make amends with both mistakes that undermine the dignity of the republic”. The Legislative Power proclaimed him Liberator and National Hero.

Costa Rica, which celebrated in 2014 the bicentennial of the birth of the Father of the Nation, bases its national identity on the thought and trajectory of Don Juan Rafael Mora.

 

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